故事是什么意思| 氟斑牙是什么原因造成的| 无的放矢是什么意思| 一什么声音| 游泳要带什么东西| 古代女子成年行什么礼| 胰岛素偏高是什么意思| 紫癜挂什么科| nuxe是什么牌子护肤品| 喝酒上脸是什么原因| 日字五行属什么| 小产可以吃什么水果| 什么是有机食品和无机食品| 手癣用什么药膏效果好| 生酮是什么| 唾液是什么| 岩茶属于什么茶| 嘴巴下面长痘痘是什么原因| 阴茎里面痒是什么原因| 敏感肌是什么样的| 绿茶婊是什么意思| 晚上11点到12点是什么时辰| 什么叫眼睛散光| 泻盐是什么东西| 猴年马月是什么时候| 进展是什么意思| 12月18日什么星座| 丙磺舒是什么药| 保守治疗是什么意思| 老放屁什么原因| 嘶哑什么意思| 大败毒胶囊主治什么病| 室内用什么隔墙最便宜| 今天生肖冲什么| 七寸是什么意思| 左眼屈光不正是什么意思| 双手发麻是什么病的前兆| 一个虫一个卑念什么| 相思成疾是什么意思| 喝什么美白| 吃什么好| 罗姓男孩取什么名字好| 玉的主要成分是什么| vfu是什么牌子| 燕子吃什么| 甲申日五行属什么| 国帑是什么意思| 梦见自己鞋子破了是什么意思| 男性霉菌感染用什么药| 肿瘤切开了里面是什么| 优甲乐过量有什么症状| 范是什么意思| 低烧不退是什么原因| 儿童鼻炎挂什么科| 一抹多是什么意思| yw是什么| 彩色多普勒超声常规检查是什么| 甘油三酯高用什么药好| 上海玉佛寺求什么最灵验| 姝姝是什么意思| 弃猫效应是什么| 董卓字什么| 生完孩子吃什么补身体| 高血压吃什么好降压快| 罗贯中是什么朝代的| 鹦鹉可以吃什么| 老年人脚肿吃什么药| 姜汁可乐有什么功效与作用| 英语专八是什么水平| 随喜功德是什么意思| 手脚软无力是什么原因引起的| 心电图伪差是什么意思| 肾积水有什么症状| 女性白带发黄是什么原因| 麦芽是什么| bug是什么意思中文翻译| 自食其力是什么意思| 肾气不固吃什么中成药| 属马与什么属相最配| 世界大战是什么意思| 梦见掉牙是什么意思| 人体最大的免疫器官是什么| 什么的口水| 太作了是什么意思| hm是什么| 心悸心慌是什么原因| 为什么总是莫名其妙的想哭| 安陵容为什么恨甄嬛| 盐水洗脸有什么好处| 15年婚姻是什么婚| 梦见网鱼是什么征兆| 心率低有什么症状| 中尉是什么级别| 圆坟是什么意思| 性功能下降吃什么药| 下雨了是什么意思| 省委常委是什么级别| 香肉是什么肉| 心律不齐是什么原因| 提手旁加茶念什么| 在五行中属什么| 房室传导阻滞是什么意思| 玟是什么意思| 皮肤感染吃什么消炎药| 什么叫子宫腺肌症| 胃炎吃什么药效果好| 血管瘤是什么病| 区局长是什么级别| 醒酒汤是什么| 脑内腔隙灶是什么意思| 庚日是什么意思| 下午4点是什么时辰| smt什么意思| 无故流鼻血是什么原因| 吃什么提高免疫力最快| 苹果有什么功效和营养| 支气管病变什么意思| 胃肠蠕动慢吃什么药| 字字珠玑什么意思| 精液是什么颜色的| 蓝天白云是什么意思| 关爱是什么意思| 减肥吃什么米| 扁桃体发炎吃什么消炎药| 吃斋是什么意思| tb是什么意思啊| 小s和黄子佼为什么分手| 天之骄子是什么意思| 冠状动脉钙化是什么意思| 什么帽子不能戴| 吃凉的胃疼吃什么药| 缺锌吃什么| 踩雷是什么意思| camper是什么牌子| 什么样的伤口需要打破伤风| 汗脚是什么原因引起的| 三伏天吃什么最好| 鼻梁有横纹是什么原因| 白喉采取什么隔离| 嘴角流口水是什么原因| 14是什么意思| 千千阙歌什么意思| 满江红属于什么植物| 做包皮手术有什么好处| 偶见是什么意思| 上海有什么好玩的地方旅游景点| 梦见生女孩是什么征兆| 书记处书记是什么级别| 一月十一是什么星座| darling什么意思| 冠字五行属什么| 12月14号是什么星座| 凤尾菜又叫什么菜| 朕是什么时候开始用的| 什么是外阴炎| sicu是什么科室| 1999年是什么生肖| 什么炒肉好吃| 画画画什么| 白天尿少晚上尿多什么原因| 鼻塞有脓鼻涕吃什么药| 羊肚菌有什么功效和作用| 吃什么长指甲最快| 857是什么意思| 怀孕抽烟对孩子有什么影响| 女人脚腿肿是什么原因| 车万是什么意思| 闪失是什么意思| 双顶径是什么| 天天吃玉米有什么好处和坏处| 两肺纹理增粗是什么意思| 什么药止血效果最快| 新生儿超敏c反应蛋白高说明什么| kailas是什么牌子| r一谷氨酰转移酶高说明什么| 吃什么补白细胞效果最好| 白酒兑什么好喝| 画饼什么意思| 明天叫什么日| 糖类抗原724偏高是什么原因| 渗湿是什么意思| 杨桃长什么样| 光子嫩肤是什么| 睾丸癌是由什么引起的| 关节错缝术是什么意思| 爬金字塔为什么会死| 痱子粉什么牌子好| 什么是神经官能症| 春秋大梦是什么意思| 三堂会审是什么意思| 流氓兔什么意思| 直肠下垂有什么症状| 耵聍是什么意思| 水煮鱼一般用什么鱼| 横纹肌溶解什么意思| 介入科是什么科室| 马齿苋煮水喝有什么功效| 男性睾丸疼痛什么原因| 牡蛎和生蚝有什么区别| 二个月不来月经是什么原因| 藏毛窦挂什么科| 花苞裤不适合什么人穿| 静脉曲张是什么样子| 脖子老出汗是什么原因| 后背有痣代表什么意思| 明前茶和明后茶有什么区别| 孕妇拉的屎是黑色的是因为什么| 什么是白色家电| 动漫ova是什么意思| 一直咳嗽不好是什么原因| 胸闷是什么原因造成的| 心理障碍是什么病| 教师节送什么礼物呢| 自我意识是什么意思| 苦夏什么意思| 14数字代表什么意思| 喉咙长期有痰是什么原因| 抗皱用什么产品好| 从良是什么意思| 咳嗽肺疼是什么原因| 为什么会有荨麻疹| 光绪帝叫什么名字| 毛鸡蛋是什么| 1905年属什么生肖| 夜盲吃什么维生素| 小海绵的真名叫什么| 什么叫介入手术| 花胶是什么东西| 高碱性食物都有什么| 蛋皮痒痒是什么病| 无聊的反义词是什么| 江西有什么景点| 人为什么做梦| 火龙果和香蕉榨汁有什么功效| 血糖高要忌口什么| 吃什么排便顺畅| 排骨是什么肉| 胃溃疡适合吃什么水果| plus什么意思| 非营利性医院是什么意思| 小便尿色黄是什么问题| 什么不能托运| 鱼腥草是什么| 晚上梦见蛇是什么预兆| 胃不舒服吃什么水果| 左手大拇指抖动是什么原因| 指什么门| 富贵包挂什么科| 丹凤眼是什么样的| 牙齿抛光是什么意思| 门诊号是什么意思| 男人梦见蛇是什么征兆| 肝脂肪沉积是什么意思| 额头出汗多是什么原因| 亥五行属什么| 浮生如梦是什么意思| 美国白宫是干什么的| 孜孜不倦什么意思| pick是什么意思| 山合念什么| 宝齐莱算什么档次的表| 胸闷喘不上气什么原因| 绿豆跟什么一起煮最好| 眼睛散光和近视有什么区别| 百度Jump to content

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百度 　　因此，中国文化艺术走出国门战略要建立复杂系统的新观念，从过去注重大事件、大影响、大规模的“热闹文化战略”向注重文化内涵、注重艺术价值、注重美学引导的“深入心灵”的系统化文化战略转移，充分研究多层次的目标受众。

This article is about people who write computer software. For other uses, see Programmer (disambiguation).
"Coder" redirects here. For other uses, see Coder (disambiguation).

Computer programmer
Betty Jennings and Fran Bilas, part of the first ENIAC programming team
Occupation
NamesComputer Programmer
Occupation type
Profession
Activity sectors
Information technology, Software industry
Description
CompetenciesWriting and debugging computer code
Education required
Varies from apprenticeship to bachelor's degree, or self-taught

A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.

The professional titles software developer and software engineer are used for jobs that require a programmer.

Identification

Sometimes a programmer or job position is identified by the language used or target platform. For example, assembly programmer, web developer.

Job title

The job titles that include programming tasks have differing connotations across the computer industry and to different individuals. The following are notable descriptions.

A software developer primarily implements software based on specifications and fixes bugs. Other duties may include reviewing code changes and testing. To achieve the required skills for the job, they might obtain a computer science or associate degree, attend a programming boot camp or be self-taught.

A software engineer usually is responsible for the same tasks as a developer plus broader responsibilities of software engineering including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the software development lifecycle (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading a team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies.

Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, computer engineering, or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called engineer.[1][2][3]

History

Ada Lovelace is considered by many to be the first computer programmer.[4]

British countess and mathematician Ada Lovelace is often considered to be the first computer programmer. She authored an algorithm, which was published in October 1842, for calculating Bernoulli numbers on the Charles Babbage analytical engine.[4] Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action.

In 1941, German civil engineer Konrad Zuse was the first person to execute a program on a working, program-controlled, electronic computer.[5] From 1943 to 1945, per computer scientist Wolfgang K. Giloi and AI professor Raúl Rojas et al., Zuse created the first, high-level programming language, Plankalkül.[6][7]

Members of the 1945 ENIAC programming team of Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman have since been credited as the first professional computer programmers.[8][9]

The software industry

Main article: Software industry

The first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the Computer Usage Company in 1955. Before that time, computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time, such as Sperry Rand and IBM.[10]

The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a commercial basis. Other firms, such as Computer Sciences Corporation (founded in 1959), also started to grow. Computer manufacturers soon started bundling operating systems, system software and programming environments with their machines; the IBM 1620 came with the 1620 Symbolic Programming System and FORTRAN.[11]

The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer (PC) in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the average office worker. In the following years, the PC also helped create a constantly growing market for games, applications and utility software. This resulted in increased demand for software developers for that period of time.[12]

Nature of the work

Computer programmers write, test, debug, and maintain the detailed instructions, called computer programs, that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization.[13]

Programmers work in many settings, including corporate information technology (IT) departments, big software companies, small service firms and government entities of all sizes. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as contractors. Licensing is not typically required to work as a programmer, although professional certifications are commonly held by programmers.[13] Programming is considered a profession.[14][15][16]

Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for pilots training in a flight simulator. Simple programs can be written in a few hours. More complex ones may require more than a year of work, while others are never considered 'complete' but rather are continuously improved as long as they stay in use. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision.[17]

Types of software

Programming editors, also known as source code editors, are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write the source code of an application or a program. Most of these editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color syntax highlighting, auto indentation, auto-complete, bracket matching, syntax check, and allows plug-ins. These features aid the users during coding, debugging and testing.[18]

Globalization

Market changes in the UK

According to BBC News, 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey.[19]

Market changes in the US

After the crash of the dot-com bubble (1999–2001) and the Great Recession (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages.[20][21][22] In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition)[23] in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women,[24][22] which, according to Beaubouef and Mason,[25] could be attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020[26] and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.[13] and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.[27] Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.[13] If domestic demand has increased, it is mainly to replace existing programmers who have retired or switched occupations.[28] However, for software developers BLS projects current growth at 17%[28] that is down from their prediction from 2019 to 2029 of a 22% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with a median base salary of $110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers.[29][30][21] Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers, making outsourcing less of a risk.[31][32] Another reason for the decline for programmers is their skills are being merged with other professions, such as developers, as employers increase the requirements for a position over time (i.e. Full-stack developer). Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in artificial intelligence might drastically[33][34] impact the demand for future generations of Software professions.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41]

Market changes in Japan

As of 2024 in Japan, the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly due mainly to the aging demographics of their workforce and their low birth rate not being sufficient for replacement has led to more use of AI to help fill the gap.[42][43] On the other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough skilled and qualified IT personnel, including programmers; by 2030, the number of programmers will exceed 1.6 million, but about 800 000 people, including programmers, a shortage of engineers is expected to occur.[44][45]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Heinz, Kate (23 February 2021). "Software Engineer Vs. Programmer: What's the Difference?". builtin.com. Built In. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  3. ^ Jacob, Freya (16 March 2020). "6 Key Differences Between a Software Engineer and a Programmer". simpleprogrammer.com. The Simple Programmer. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
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  6. ^ Giloi, Wolfgang K. (1997). "Konrad Zuse's Plankalkül: The First High-Level 'non von Neumann' Programming Language". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 17–24. doi:10.1109/85.586068. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023.
  7. ^ Rojas, Raúl; G?ktekin, Cüneyt; Friedland, Gerald; Krüger, Mike (February 2000). "Plankalkül: The First High-Level Programming Language and its Implementation". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
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  22. ^ a b "Inflation-Adjusted Income for U.S. Engineers Drops - IEEE Spectrum".
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  38. ^ Fowler, Gary. "Council Post: How Will ChatGPT Affect Jobs?". Forbes. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  39. ^ Ito, Aki. "ChatGPT spells the end of coding as we know it". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  40. ^ Zinkula, Jacob; Mok, Aaron. "ChatGPT may be coming for our jobs. Here are the 10 roles that AI is most likely to replace". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  41. ^ Cohen, Mikaela (15 April 2023). "These are the tech jobs most threatened by ChatGPT and A.I." CNBC. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  42. ^ "Programming in Japan: What's It Really Like?".
  43. ^ ""AI Utilization": Japan′s Unique Position to Become a World Leader | Japan Insight - Insights - Investing in Japan - Japan External Trade Organization". 2025.
  44. ^ "2030年に不足する79万人のIT人材は、 技術者?専門家だけとは限らない DX推進に欠かせない「3種の人財」の重要性 | ログミーBusiness". logmi.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  45. ^ kotamat (15 September 2022). "ITエンジニアが「人手不足」な理由 – 日本のITエンジニア人口と今後の不足見通し - 人材紹介マガジン". ITエンジニアが「人手不足」な理由 – 日本のITエンジニア人口と今後の不足見通し - 人材紹介マガジン (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 November 2024.

Further reading

  • Weinberg, Gerald M., The Psychology of Computer Programming, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971
  • An experiential study of the nature of programming work: Lucas, Rob (March–April 2010). "Dreaming in Code". New Left Review (62): 125–132. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
  • Thompson, Clive (2019). Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0735220560.
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